VU CS101 - All Subjective Solved Past Papers 2023 - Introduction to Computing

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The Fisher Effect

The relationship between real and nominal returns is described by the Fisher Effect.
Let: R = the nominal return
r = the real return
h = the inflation rate.

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Real Rate of Interest

1. When real rate is high; all interest rates will tend to be higher and vice versa.
2. Thus real rate does not really determine the shape of the term structure rather it influences the overall level of interest rates

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Alkylating agents utilize selective alkylation by adding the desired aliphatic carbon chain to the previously chosen starting molecule. This is one of many known chemical syntheses. Alkylating agents are a highly reactive group of electrophiles which transfer methyl, ethyl or alkyl groups to the electron-rich atoms in the DNA and demage it.

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The proteins that initiate DNA replication bind to DNA sequences at a replication origin to catalyze the formation of a replication bubble with two outward-moving replication forks. The process begins when an initiator protein-DNA complex is formed that subsequently loads aDNA helicase onto the DNA template.

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In eukaryotes, there are only 21 proteinogenic amino acids, the 20of the standard genetic code, plus selenocysteine. Humans can synthesize 12 of these from each other or from other molecules of intermediary metabolism.

Examples:

1. Alanine
2. Tryptophan
3. Glutamine
4. Aspartic acid
5. Histidine

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The stability of the peptide bond is due to the resonance of amides. With resonance, the nitrogen is able to donate its lone pair of electrons to the carbonyl carbon and push electrons from the carbonyl double bond towards the oxygen, forming the oxygen anion. This resonance effect is very stabilizing because the electrons can be delocalized over multiple atoms, with one especially stable resonance structure containing the highly electronegative oxygen as an anion. The double bond character of the C-N bond results in a relatively short bond The double bond resonance form of the peptide bond helps to increase stability and decrease rotation about that bond. The partial double bond character is either strengthened or weakened depending upon the environment that it is in.

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If DNA polymerase incorporates the wrong nucleotide into a newly synthesized DNA strand a single base pair substitution will occure. Another kind of error called strand slippage happens when DNA polymeraseadds an extra nucleotide or skips a nucleotide in the newly synthesized DNA strand, which results respectively in an insertion or deletion. Strand slippage often occures in regions of the genome with repeatitive DNA sequence.

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